Organic electroluminescent materials and devices

ABSTRACT

A luminescent materials including donor-acceptor compounds with a nitrogen containing donor connected to the 1-position of a carbazole and triazene acceptor connected at the 9-position is disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of the co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/294,336, filed on Jun. 3, 2014, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

The claimed invention was made by, on behalf of, and/or in connection with one or more of the following parties to a joint university corporation research agreement: Regents of the University of Michigan, Princeton University, University of Southern California, and the Universal Display Corporation. The agreement was in effect on and before the date the claimed invention was made, and the claimed invention was made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the agreement.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to organic light emitting devices. More specifically, the present disclosure pertains to luminescent materials comprising donor-acceptor compounds with a nitrogen containing donor connected to the 1-position of a carbazole and triazene as the acceptor for use as emitters in organic light emitting diodes.

BACKGROUND

Opto-electronic devices that make use of organic materials are becoming increasingly desirable for a number of reasons. Many of the materials used to make such devices are relatively inexpensive, so organic opto-electronic devices have the potential for cost advantages over inorganic devices. In addition, the inherent properties of organic materials, such as their flexibility, may make them well suited for particular applications such as fabrication on a flexible substrate. Examples of organic opto-electronic devices include organic light emitting devices (OLEDs), organic phototransistors, organic photovoltaic cells, and organic photodetectors. For OLEDs, the organic materials may have performance advantages over conventional materials. For example, the wavelength at which an organic emissive layer emits light may generally be readily tuned with appropriate dopants.

OLEDs make use of thin organic films that emit light when voltage is applied across the device. OLEDs are becoming an increasingly interesting technology for use in applications such as flat panel displays, illumination, and backlighting. Several OLED materials and configurations are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,844,363, 6,303,238, and 5,707,745, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

One application for phosphorescent emissive molecules is a full color display. Industry standards for such a display call for pixels adapted to emit particular colors, referred to as “saturated” colors. In particular, these standards call for saturated red, green, and blue pixels. Color may be measured using CIE coordinates, which are well known to the art.

One example of a green emissive molecule is tris(2-phenylpyridine) iridium, denoted Ir(ppy)₃, which has the following structure:

In this, and later figures herein, we depict the dative bond from nitrogen to metal (here, Ir) as a straight line.

As used herein, the term “organic” includes polymeric materials as well as small molecule organic materials that may be used to fabricate organic opto-electronic devices. “Small molecule” refers to any organic material that is not a polymer, and “small molecules” may actually be quite large. Small molecules may include repeat units in some circumstances. For example, using a long chain alkyl group as a substituent does not remove a molecule from the “small molecule” class. Small molecules may also be incorporated into polymers, for example as a pendent group on a polymer backbone or as a part of the backbone. Small molecules may also serve as the core moiety of a dendrimer, which consists of a series of chemical shells built on the core moiety. The core moiety of a dendrimer may be a fluorescent or phosphorescent small molecule emitter. A dendrimer may be a “small molecule,” and it is believed that all dendrimers currently used in the field of OLEDs are small molecules.

As used herein, “top” means furthest away from the substrate, while “bottom” means closest to the substrate. Where a first layer is described as “disposed over” a second layer, the first layer is disposed further away from substrate. There may be other layers between the first and second layer, unless it is specified that the first layer is “in contact with” the second layer. For example, a cathode may be described as “disposed over” an anode, even though there are various organic layers in between.

As used herein, “solution processible” means capable of being dissolved, dispersed, or transported in and/or deposited from a liquid medium, either in solution or suspension form.

A ligand may be referred to as “photoactive” when it is believed that the ligand directly contributes to the photoactive properties of an emissive material. A ligand may be referred to as “ancillary” when it is believed that the ligand does not contribute to the photoactive properties of an emissive material, although an ancillary ligand may alter the properties of a photoactive ligand.

As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first “Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital” (HOMO) or “Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital” (LUMO) energy level is “greater than” or “higher than” a second HOMO or LUMO energy level if the first energy level is closer to the vacuum energy level. Since ionization potentials (IP) are measured as a negative energy relative to a vacuum level, a higher HOMO energy level corresponds to an IP having a smaller absolute value (an IP that is less negative). Similarly, a higher LUMO energy level corresponds to an electron affinity (EA) having a smaller absolute value (an EA that is less negative). On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, the LUMO energy level of a material is higher than the HOMO energy level of the same material. A “higher” HOMO or LUMO energy level appears closer to the top of such a diagram than a “lower” HOMO or LUMO energy level.

As used herein, and as would be generally understood by one skilled in the art, a first work function is “greater than” or “higher than” a second work function if the first work function has a higher absolute value. Because work functions are generally measured as negative numbers relative to vacuum level, this means that a “higher” work function is more negative. On a conventional energy level diagram, with the vacuum level at the top, a “higher” work function is illustrated as further away from the vacuum level in the downward direction. Thus, the definitions of HOMO and LUMO energy levels follow a different convention than work functions.

More details on OLEDs, and the definitions described above, can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a compound having a structure according to the following Formula 1 is disclosed:

In Formula 1, R^(a) to R^(g), R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof. Ar¹ to Ar³ are independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl and can connect to one another to form fused ring(s). L is a direct bond or a linker.

According to another embodiment, a first device comprising a first organic light emitting device is disclosed. The first organic light emitting device comprising: an anode; a cathode; and an emissive layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the emissive layer comprises a first emitting compound having a structure according to Formula 1:

In Formula 1, R^(a) to R^(g), R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof. Ar¹ to Ar³ are independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl and can connect to one another to form fused ring(s). L is a direct bond or a linker.

According to yet another embodiment, a formulation comprising a compound having a structure according to Formula 1 is also disclosed.

The compound of the present disclosure can be used in OLEDs as emitters, hosts, charge transport materials, in both single color or multiple color devices. The compound can be easily utilized in fabrication of OLEDs because the compound can be vapor-evaporated or solution processed. The compound is useful as emitters because it provides high efficiency OLEDs without using organometallic compounds.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device that can incorporate the inventive host material disclosed herein.

FIG. 2 shows an inverted organic light emitting device that can incorporate the inventive host material disclosed herein.

FIG. 3 shows Formula 1 as disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Generally, an OLED comprises at least one organic layer disposed between and electrically connected to an anode and a cathode. When a current is applied, the anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the organic layer(s). The injected holes and electrons each migrate toward the oppositely charged electrode. When an electron and hole localize on the same molecule, an “exciton,” which is a localized electron-hole pair having an excited energy state, is formed. Light is emitted when the exciton relaxes via a photoemissive mechanism. In some cases, the exciton may be localized on an excimer or an exciplex. Non-radiative mechanisms, such as thermal relaxation, may also occur, but are generally considered undesirable.

The initial OLEDs used emissive molecules that emitted light from their singlet states (“fluorescence”) as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,292, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Fluorescent emission generally occurs in a time frame of less than 10 nanoseconds.

More recently, OLEDs having emissive materials that emit light from triplet states (“phosphorescence”) have been demonstrated. Baldo et al., “Highly Efficient Phosphorescent Emission from Organic Electroluminescent Devices,” Nature, vol. 395, 151-154, 1998; (“Baldo-I”) and Baldo et al., “Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, No. 3, 4-6 (1999) (“Baldo-II”), which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Phosphorescence is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 5-6, which are incorporated by reference.

FIG. 1 shows an organic light emitting device 100. The figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. Device 100 may include a substrate 110, an anode 115, a hole injection layer 120, a hole transport layer 125, an electron blocking layer 130, an emissive layer 135, a hole blocking layer 140, an electron transport layer 145, an electron injection layer 150, a protective layer 155, a cathode 160, and a barrier layer 170. Cathode 160 is a compound cathode having a first conductive layer 162 and a second conductive layer 164. Device 100 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. The properties and functions of these various layers, as well as example materials, are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 7,279,704 at cols. 6-10, which are incorporated by reference.

More examples for each of these layers are available. For example, a flexible and transparent substrate-anode combination is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,844,363, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of a p-doped hole transport layer is m-MTDATA doped with F4-TCNQ at a molar ratio of 50:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of host materials are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,238 to Thompson et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. An example of an n-doped electron transport layer is BPhen doped with Li at a molar ratio of 1:1, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,703,436 and 5,707,745, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, disclose examples of cathodes including compound cathodes having a thin layer of metal such as Mg:Ag with an overlying transparent, electrically-conductive, sputter-deposited ITO layer. The theory and use of blocking layers is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,097,147 and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0230980, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties. Examples of injection layers are provided in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. A description of protective layers may be found in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0174116, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 2 shows an inverted OLED 200. The device includes a substrate 210, a cathode 215, an emissive layer 220, a hole transport layer 225, and an anode 230. Device 200 may be fabricated by depositing the layers described, in order. Because the most common OLED configuration has a cathode disposed over the anode, and device 200 has cathode 215 disposed under anode 230, device 200 may be referred to as an “inverted” OLED. Materials similar to those described with respect to device 100 may be used in the corresponding layers of device 200. FIG. 2 provides one example of how some layers may be omitted from the structure of device 100.

The simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 is provided by way of non-limiting example, and it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be used in connection with a wide variety of other structures. The specific materials and structures described are exemplary in nature, and other materials and structures may be used. Functional OLEDs may be achieved by combining the various layers described in different ways, or layers may be omitted entirely, based on design, performance, and cost factors. Other layers not specifically described may also be included. Materials other than those specifically described may be used. Although many of the examples provided herein describe various layers as comprising a single material, it is understood that combinations of materials, such as a mixture of host and dopant, or more generally a mixture, may be used. Also, the layers may have various sublayers. The names given to the various layers herein are not intended to be strictly limiting. For example, in device 200, hole transport layer 225 transports holes and injects holes into emissive layer 220, and may be described as a hole transport layer or a hole injection layer. In one embodiment, an OLED may be described as having an “organic layer” disposed between a cathode and an anode. This organic layer may comprise a single layer, or may further comprise multiple layers of different organic materials as described, for example, with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2.

Structures and materials not specifically described may also be used, such as OLEDs comprised of polymeric materials (PLEDs) such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,190 to Friend et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. By way of further example, OLEDs having a single organic layer may be used. OLEDs may be stacked, for example as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The OLED structure may deviate from the simple layered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. For example, the substrate may include an angled reflective surface to improve outcoupling, such as a mesa structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,091,195 to Forrest et al., and/or a pit structure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,893 to Bulovic et al., which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Unless otherwise specified, any of the layers of the various embodiments may be deposited by any suitable method. For the organic layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation, ink-jet, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,982 and 6,087,196, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,337,102 to Forrest et al., which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, and deposition by organic vapor jet printing (OVJP), such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,431,968, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. Other suitable deposition methods include spin coating and other solution based processes. Solution based processes are preferably carried out in nitrogen or an inert atmosphere. For the other layers, preferred methods include thermal evaporation. Preferred patterning methods include deposition through a mask, cold welding such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,294,398 and 6,468,819, which are incorporated by reference in their entireties, and patterning associated with some of the deposition methods such as ink-jet and OVID. Other methods may also be used. The materials to be deposited may be modified to make them compatible with a particular deposition method. For example, substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups, branched or unbranched, and preferably containing at least 3 carbons, may be used in small molecules to enhance their ability to undergo solution processing. Substituents having 20 carbons or more may be used, and 3-20 carbons is a preferred range. Materials with asymmetric structures may have better solution processibility than those having symmetric structures, because asymmetric materials may have a lower tendency to recrystallize. Dendrimer substituents may be used to enhance the ability of small molecules to undergo solution processing.

Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the present invention may further optionally comprise a barrier layer. One purpose of the barrier layer is to protect the electrodes and organic layers from damaging exposure to harmful species in the environment including moisture, vapor and/or gases, etc. The barrier layer may be deposited over, under or next to a substrate, an electrode, or over any other parts of a device including an edge. The barrier layer may comprise a single layer, or multiple layers. The barrier layer may be formed by various known chemical vapor deposition techniques and may include compositions having a single phase as well as compositions having multiple phases. Any suitable material or combination of materials may be used for the barrier layer. The barrier layer may incorporate an inorganic or an organic compound or both. The preferred barrier layer comprises a mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric material as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,968,146, PCT Pat. Application Nos. PCT/US2007/023098 and PCT/US2009/042829, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. To be considered a “mixture”, the aforesaid polymeric and non-polymeric materials comprising the barrier layer should be deposited under the same reaction conditions and/or at the same time. The weight ratio of polymeric to non-polymeric material may be in the range of 95:5 to 5:95. The polymeric material and the non-polymeric material may be created from the same precursor material. In one example, the mixture of a polymeric material and a non-polymeric material consists essentially of polymeric silicon and inorganic silicon.

Devices fabricated in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be incorporated into a wide variety of consumer products, including flat panel displays, computer monitors, medical monitors, televisions, billboards, lights for interior or exterior illumination and/or signaling, heads up displays, fully transparent displays, flexible displays, laser printers, telephones, cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop computers, digital cameras, camcorders, viewfinders, micro-displays, 3-D displays, vehicles, a large area wall, theater or stadium screen, or a sign. Various control mechanisms may be used to control devices fabricated in accordance with the present invention, including passive matrix and active matrix. Many of the devices are intended for use in a temperature range comfortable to humans, such as 18 degrees C. to 30 degrees C., and more preferably at room temperature (20-25 degrees C.), but could be used outside this temperature range, for example, from −40 degree C. to +80 degree C.

The materials and structures described herein may have applications in devices other than OLEDs. For example, other optoelectronic devices such as organic solar cells and organic photodetectors may employ the materials and structures. More generally, organic devices, such as organic transistors, may employ the materials and structures.

The term “halo” or “halogen” as used herein includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

The term “alkyl” as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chain alkyl radicals. Preferred alkyl groups are those containing from one to fifteen carbon atoms and includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, and the like. Additionally, the alkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “cycloalkyl” as used herein contemplates cyclic alkyl radicals. Preferred cycloalkyl groups are those containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms and includes cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like. Additionally, the cycloalkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “alkenyl” as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chain alkene radicals. Preferred alkenyl groups are those containing two to fifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkenyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “alkynyl” as used herein contemplates both straight and branched chain alkyne radicals. Preferred alkyl groups are those containing two to fifteen carbon atoms. Additionally, the alkynyl group may be optionally substituted.

The terms “aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” as used herein are used interchangeably and contemplate an alkyl group that has as a substituent an aromatic group. Additionally, the aralkyl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “heterocyclic group” as used herein contemplates aromatic and non-aromatic cyclic radicals. Hetero-aromatic cyclic radicals also refer to heteroaryl. Preferred hetero-non-aromatic cyclic groups are those containing 3 or 7 ring atoms which includes at least one hetero atom, and includes cyclic amines such as morpholino, piperdino, pyrrolidino, and the like, and cyclic ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, and the like. Additionally, the heterocyclic group may be optionally substituted.

The term “aryl” or “aromatic group” as used herein contemplates single-ring groups and polycyclic ring systems. The polycyclic rings may have two or more rings in which two carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are “fused”) wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryl, heterocycles, and/or heteroaryls. Additionally, the aryl group may be optionally substituted.

The term “heteroaryl” as used herein contemplates single-ring hetero-aromatic groups that may include from one to three heteroatoms, for example, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine and pyrimidine, and the like. The term heteroaryl also includes polycyclic hetero-aromatic systems having two or more rings in which two atoms are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are “fused”) wherein at least one of the rings is a heteroaryl, e.g., the other rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, aryl, heterocycles, and/or heteroaryls. Additionally, the heteroaryl group may be optionally substituted.

The alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, heterocyclic group, aryl, and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, cyclic amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

As used herein, “substituted” indicates that a substituent other than H is bonded to the relevant position, such as carbon. Thus, for example, where R¹ is mono-substituted, then one R¹ must be other than H. Similarly, where R¹ is di-substituted, then two of R¹ must be other than H. Similarly, where R¹ is unsubstituted, R¹ is hydrogen for all available positions.

The “aza” designation in the fragments described herein, i.e. aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzonethiophene, etc. means that one or more of the C—H groups in the respective fragment can be replaced by a nitrogen atom, for example, and without any limitation, azatriphenylene encompasses both dibenzo[f,h]quinoxaline and dibenzo[f,h]quinoline. One of ordinary skill in the art can readily envision other nitrogen analogs of the aza-derivatives described above, and all such analogs are intended to be encompassed by the terms as set forth herein.

It is to be understood that when a molecular fragment is described as being a substituent or otherwise attached to another moiety, its name may be written as if it were a fragment (e.g. naphthyl, dibenzofuryl) or as if it were the whole molecule (e.g. naphthalene, dibenzofuran). As used herein, these different ways of designating a substituent or attached fragment are considered to be equivalent.

As used herein, the phrase “electron acceptor” or “acceptor” means a fragment that can accept electron density from an aromatic system, and the phrase “electron donor” or “donor” means a fragment that donates electron density into an aromatic system.

It is believed that the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of fluorescent OLEDs can exceed the 25% spin statistics limit through delayed fluorescence. As used herein, there are two types of delayed fluorescence, i.e. P-type delayed fluorescence and E-type delayed fluorescence. P-type delayed fluorescence is generated from triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA).

On the other hand, E-type delayed fluorescence does not rely on the collision of two triplets, but rather on the thermal population between the triplet states and the singlet excited states. Compounds that are capable of generating E-type delayed fluorescence are required to have very small singlet-triplet gaps. Thermal energy can activate the transition from the triplet state back to the singlet state. This type of delayed fluorescence is also known as thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). A distinctive feature of TADF is that the delayed component increases as temperature rises due to the increased thermal energy. If the reverse intersystem crossing rate is fast enough to minimize the non-radiative decay from the triplet state, the fraction of back populated singlet excited states can potentially reach 75%. The total singlet fraction can be 100%, far exceeding the spin statistics limit for electrically generated excitons.

E-type delayed fluorescence characteristics can be found in an exciplex system or in a single compound. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that E-type delayed fluorescence requires the luminescent material to have a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔE_(S-T)). Organic, non-metal containing, donor-acceptor luminescent materials may be able to achieve this. The emission in these materials is often characterized as a donor-acceptor charge-transfer (CT) type emission. The spatial separation of the HOMO and LUMO in these donor-acceptor type compounds often results in small ΔE_(S-T). These states may involve CT states. Often, donor-acceptor luminescent materials are constructed by connecting an electron donor moiety such as amino- or carbazole-derivatives and an electron acceptor moiety such as N-containing six-membered aromatic rings.

The present disclosure provides compounds with multiple-nitrogen donors and triazine acceptors which may show strong CT emission. The inventors discovered that donor-acceptor compounds with a nitrogen containing donor connected to the 1-position of a carbazole and triazene acceptor connected at the 9-position may be more efficient emitters with emission originated from the charge transfer (CT) state. Substitution at the 1 position of the carbazole causes a significant steric hindrance between the substitutents at the 1 position and the 9-position. This steric hindrance was expected to result in a disruption of the through-bond conjugation of the donor and the acceptor. Unexpectedly, however, the donor-acceptor compounds exhibited efficient emission. This appears to be the result of a through-space interaction between the donor and the acceptor enabled by the donor and acceptor being adjacent to each other. This may be an effective mechanism of charge transfer emission without lowering the emission energy due to through-bond 7 c-conjugation. The emission can be tuned by varying the strength of the donor-acceptor interaction and the resulting energy of the CT state. The compounds may be used as emitters in OLED.

According to an embodiment, the donor-acceptor compound with a nitrogen containing donor connected to the 1-position of a carbazole and triazene as the acceptor has a structure according to Formula 1:

wherein R^(a) to R^(g), R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and wherein Ar¹ to Ar³ are independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl and can connect to one another to form fused ring(s) and, wherein L is a direct bond or a linker.

According to one embodiment, the alkyl and cycloalkyl in Formula 1 can be selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl, pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, partially or fully deuterated variants thereof, and combinations thereof. The aryl and heteroaryl in Formula 1 can be selected from the group consisting of phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, tetraphenyl, pentaphenyl, pyridine, phenyl pyridine, pyridyl phenyl, triphenylene, carbazole, fluorene, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, dibenzoselenophene, aza-triphenylene, aza-carbazole, aza-fluorene, aza-dibenzofuran, aza-dibenzothiophene, aza-dibenzoselenophene and combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, R^(a) to R^(g) in Formula 1 are H. In one embodiment, Ar¹ is

In one embodiment, Ar¹ is

and Ar² and Ar³ are phenyl. In one embodiment, Ar¹ is

Ar² and Ar³ are phenyl, and L is a direct bond. In one embodiment, Ar¹ and L are

and Ar² and Ar³ are phenyl.

In one preferred embodiment the donor-acceptor compound with a nitrogen containing donor connected to the 1-position of a carbazole and triazene as the acceptor is selected from the group consisting of

In one embodiment, Ar¹ and Ar² in Formula 1 are connected to form a carbazole moiety. In another preferred embodiment, Ar¹ and Ar² are connected to form a carbazole moiety and the compound is selected from the group consisting of

In one embodiment, Ar² and Ar³ in Formula 1 are connected to form a carbazole moiety. In another preferred embodiment, Ar² and Ar³ are connected to form a carbazole moiety and the compound is selected from the group consisting of

In another preferred embodiment, the compound is selected from the group consisting of

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a first device comprising a first organic light emitting device is disclosed. The first organic light emitting device comprises an anode; a cathode; and an emissive layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the emissive layer comprises a first emitting compound having a structure according to Formula 1:

wherein R^(a) to R^(g), R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and wherein Ar¹ to Ar³ are independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl and can connect to one another to form fused ring(s) and, wherein L is a direct bond or a linker.

In one embodiment of the first device, the first emitting compound is selected from the group consisting of Compound 1 through Compound 53 disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, the first device emits a luminescent radiation at room temperature when a voltage is applied across the organic light emitting device, wherein the luminescent radiation comprises a delayed fluorescence process.

In one embodiment of the first device, the emissive layer further comprises a first phosphorescent emitting material. In another embodiment, the emissive layer further comprises a second phosphorescent emitting material. In another embodiment, the emissive layer further comprises a host material.

In one embodiment of the first device, the emissive layer further comprises a first phosphorescent emitting material and the first device emits a white light at room temperature when a voltage is applied across the organic light emitting device.

In another embodiment of the first device, the emissive layer further comprises a first phosphorescent emitting material and the first device emits a white light at room temperature when a voltage is applied across the organic light emitting device, and the first emitting compound emits a blue light with a peak wavelength of about 400 nm to about 500 nm.

In another embodiment of the first device, the emissive layer further comprises a first phosphorescent emitting material and the first device emits a white light at room temperature when a voltage is applied across the organic light emitting device, and the first emitting compound emits a yellow light with a peak wavelength of about 530 nm to about 580 nm.

In another embodiment of the first device, the first device comprises a second organic light emitting device, wherein the second organic light emitting device is stacked on the first organic light emitting device.

In one embodiment of the first device, the first device is a consumer product. In another embodiment of the first device, the first device is a lighting panel.

According to another aspect, a formulation comprising a compound having a structure according to Formula 1 is also disclosed.

Synthesis of Compound 1

1-bromo-9-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (0.50 g, 1.05 mmol), (4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)boronic acid (0.46 g, 1.26 mmol) and Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.03 g) were mixed in a 25 mL two-neck flask. The whole system was evacuated and purged with argon gas. The mixture was dissolved in dry toluene (10 mL). ^(t)Bu₃P (2.51 mL, 0.05 M in toluene) and degassed K₂CO₃ (1.26 mL, 2.5 M in H₂O) were added. The mixture was refluxed under argon for 14 hours. After completion of the reaction, it was cooled to room temperature and the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layer was washed with brine and dried over MgSO₄ after which the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using hexane:dichloromethane=5:1 and then with hexane:dichloromethane:toluene=3:1:0.1 to obtained the pure product, Compound 1, (0.60 g, 90%) as a yellow solid.

Synthesis of Compound 2

1-bromo-9H-carbazole (0.50 g, 2.03 mmol), 4-(diphenylamino)phenylboronic acid (0.71 g, 2.44 mmol), and Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.06 g) were mixed in a 25 mL two-neck bottle. The whole system was evacuated and purged with argon gas. Dry toluene (10 mL), t-Bu₃P (4.88 mL of 0.05 M in toluene and degassed K₂CO₃ (3.66 mL, 2.5 M in H₂O) were added. The system was refluxed for 14 hours under an inert atmosphere. Upon completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and then extracted with ethyl ether. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried with MgSO₄ and finally the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using hexane:dichloromethane=3:1 as the eluent to obtain the desired product, 4-(9H-carbazol-1-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline, (0.75 g, 90%) as a white solid.

4-(9H-carbazol-1-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline (0.50 g, 1.22 mmol), 2-(4-bromophenyl)-4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine (0.57 g, 1.46 mmol), Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.03 g), and NaO^(t)Bu (0.15 g, 1.58 mmol) were mixed in a 50 mL two neck round bottom flask and the system was evacuated then purged with argon gas. The mixture was dissolved in dry toluene (20 mL). ^(t)Bu₃P (2.44 mL, 0.05M in toluene) was added and the mixture was refluxed under argon for 4 hour. After completion of the reaction, it was cooled to room temperature, the salts were filtered. After removal of the solvent by the rotary evaporation, about 10 mL of dichloromethane was added to the crude product and heated to dissolve of the compound. Hexane was added for crystallization to take place. The solid was filtered and washed with hexane to afford the product, Compound 2, (0.71 g, 81%) as a yellow green solid.

Synthesis of Compound 3

1-bromo-9-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (0.50 g, 1.05 mmol), 9-phenyl-3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (0.46 g, 1.26 mmol), and Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.03 g) were mixed in a 25 mL two-neck flask, evacuated and then recharged with argon. The mixture was dissolved in dry toluene (10 mL) and then ^(t)Bu₃P (2.51 mL, 0.05 M in toluene, 12 mmol) and degassed K₂CO₃ (1.26 mL, 2.5 M in H₂O) were added. The mixture was refluxed under argon for 14 hours. Upon completion of the reaction, the mixture was cooled to room temperature and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layer was wash with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation. The crude product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel using hexane:dichloromethane=5:1, and then changed with hexane:dichloromethane:toluene=3:1:0.1 to obtained pure product, Compound 3, (0.60 g, 90%) as a yellow solid.

Synthesis of Compound 5

A solution containing 9-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)-9H-carbazole (0.65 g, 1.8 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.09 g, 0.08 mmol), ^(t)Bu₃P (3.2 mL of 0.05M in toluene), 1-bromo-9-(4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-9H-carbazole (0.76 mg, 1.6 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (2.9 mL, 2M in H₂O) in toluene (30 mL) was refluxed with vigorous stirring for 24 hours under an argon atmosphere. The mixture was poured into water and extracted with DCM. The organic extracts were washed with brine and dried over MgSO₄. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation, and washed with hot DCM to afford the pure product, Compound 5, (0.45 g, 39%).

Table 1 below summarizes the photoluminescence (PL), photoluminescence quantum yield PLQY and solvatochromism data of Compounds 1 and 2. It can be seen that in thin films (5% of emitter by weight in PMMA, mCBP or mCP as host), PLQY's in the range of 50% were obtained. Significant red shift in PL was observed as the solvent polarity increased, indicating the charge transfer origin of the luminescence.

TABLE 1 PL, PLQY and solvatochromism of Compound 1 and 2. Em_(max) PLQY Compound Host (nm) (%) Solution Em_(max) (nm) Compound 1 PMMA 509 57 hexane 504 toluene 530 chloroform 572 Compound 2 PMMA 498 47 3- 490 methylpentane mCBP 496 55 toluene 520 mCP 499 57 2-methylTHF 552

Device Examples

In the OLED experiment, all device examples were fabricated by high vacuum (<10⁻⁷ Torr) thermal evaporation. The anode electrode is ˜800 Å of indium tin oxide (ITO). The cathode consisted of 10 Å of LiF followed by 1,000 Å of Al. All devices were encapsulated with a glass lid sealed with an epoxy resin in a nitrogen glove box (<1 ppm of H₂O and O₂) and a moisture getter was incorporated inside the package.

Device Example 1

The organic stack of the Device Examples in Table 2 consists of sequentially, from the ITO surface, 200 Å of TAPC the hole transporting layer (HTL), 300 Å of Compound A doped with 5% of the emitter Compound 1 as the emissive layer (EML) and 400 Å of TmPyPB as the ETL. Device Example 1 has an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 12% at 5 cd/m² and 7.7% at 1000 cd/m². The CIE is 0.249, 0.481, with an emission peak at 502 nm

The photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of the neat film of Compound 1 was measured to be 57% in Compound 1 in PMMA film (5% by weight). For a standard fluorescent OLED with only prompt singlet emission, the ratio of singlet excitons should be 25%. The outcoupling efficiency of a bottom-emitting lambertian OLED is considered to be around 20-25%. Therefore, for a fluorescent emitter having a PLQY of 57% without additional radiative channels such as delayed fluorescence, the highest EQE should not exceed 3.6% based on the statistical ratio of 25% electrically generated singlet excitons and outcoupling efficiency of 25%. Thus devices containing compounds of Formula I as the emitter, such as Compound 1, showed EQE far exceeding the theoretic limit.

Device Example 2

The organic stack of the Device Examples in Table 2 consists of sequentially, from the ITO surface, 100 Å of LG101 (purchased from LG Chem, Korea) as the hole injection layer (HIL), 300 Å of Compound B the hole transporting layer (HTL), 300 Å of mCBP doped with 6% of the emitter Compound 2 as the emissive layer (EML), 50 Å of Compound C as ETL1 and 400 Å of Compound D as ETL2. Device Example 2 has an EQE of 10% at 1 cd/m² and 7.1% at 1000 cd/m². The CIE is 0.240, 0.496, with an emission peak at 510 nm. Again, the device EQE far exceeded the conventional fluorescent device efficiency limit.

The chemical structure of the compounds used in the device examples are shown below:

Combination with Other Materials

The materials described herein as useful for a particular layer in an organic light emitting device may be used in combination with a wide variety of other materials present in the device. For example, emissive dopants disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with a wide variety of hosts, transport layers, blocking layers, injection layers, electrodes and other layers that may be present. The materials described or referred to below are non-limiting examples of materials that may be useful in combination with the compounds disclosed herein, and one of skill in the art can readily consult the literature to identify other materials that may be useful in combination.

HIL/HTL:

A hole injecting/transporting material to be used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and any compound may be used as long as the compound is typically used as a hole injecting/transporting material. Examples of the material include, but not limit to: a phthalocyanine or porphyrin derivative; an aromatic amine derivative; an indolocarbazole derivative; a polymer containing fluorohydrocarbon; a polymer with conductivity dopants; a conducting polymer, such as PEDOT/PSS; a self-assembly monomer derived from compounds such as phosphonic acid and silane derivatives; a metal oxide derivative, such as MoO_(x); a p-type semiconducting organic compound, such as 1,4,5,8,9,12-Hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile; a metal complex, and a cross-linkable compounds.

Examples of aromatic amine derivatives used in HIL or HTL include, but not limit to the following general structures:

Each of Ar¹ to Ar⁹ is selected from the group consisting aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene; group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each Ar is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In one aspect, Ar¹ to Ar^(g) is independently selected from the group consisting of:

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ is C (including CH) or N; Z¹⁰¹ is NAr¹, O, or S; Ar¹ has the same group defined above.

Examples of metal complexes used in HIL or HTL include, but not limit to the following general formula:

wherein Met is a metal, which can have an atomic weight greater than 40; (Y¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) is a bidentate ligand, Y¹⁰¹ and Y¹⁰² are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L¹⁰¹ is an ancillary ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and k′+k″ is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, (Y¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) is a 2-phenylpyridine derivative. In another aspect, (Y¹⁰¹-Y¹⁰²) is a carbene ligand. In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir, Pt, Os, and Zn. In a further aspect, the metal complex has a smallest oxidation potential in solution vs. Fc⁺/Fc couple less than about 0.6 V.

Host:

The light emitting layer of the organic EL device of the present invention preferably contains at least a metal complex as light emitting material, and may contain a host material using the metal complex as a dopant material. Examples of the host material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as the triplet energy of the host is larger than that of the dopant. While the Table below categorizes host materials as preferred for devices that emit various colors, any host material may be used with any dopant so long as the triplet criteria is satisfied.

Examples of metal complexes used as host are preferred to have the following general formula:

wherein Met is a metal; (Y¹⁰³-Y¹⁰⁴) is a bidentate ligand, Y¹⁰³ and Y¹⁰⁴ are independently selected from C, N, O, P, and S; L¹⁰¹ is an another ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal; and k′+k″ is the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

In one aspect, the metal complexes are:

wherein (O—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O and N.

In another aspect, Met is selected from Ir and Pt. In a further aspect, (Y¹⁰³-Y¹⁰⁴) is a carbene ligand.

Examples of organic compounds used as host are selected from the group consisting aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic compounds such as benzene, biphenyl, triphenyl, triphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, perylene, azulene; group consisting aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, dibenzoselenophene, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoselenophene, carbazole, indolocarbazole, pyridylindole, pyrrolodipyridine, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, thiazole, oxadiazole, oxatriazole, dioxazole, thiadiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, oxazine, oxathiazine, oxadiazine, indole, benzimidazole, indazole, indoxazine, benzoxazole, benzisoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, naphthyridine, phthalazine, pteridine, xanthene, acridine, phenazine, phenothiazine, phenoxazine, benzofuropyridine, furodipyridine, benzothienopyridine, thienodipyridine, benzoselenophenopyridine, and selenophenodipyridine; and group consisting 2 to 10 cyclic structural units which are groups of the same type or different types selected from the aromatic hydrocarbon cyclic group and the aromatic heterocyclic group and are bonded to each other directly or via at least one of oxygen atom, nitrogen atom, sulfur atom, silicon atom, phosphorus atom, boron atom, chain structural unit and the aliphatic cyclic group. Wherein each group is further substituted by a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof.

In one aspect, host compound contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

wherein R¹⁰¹ to R¹⁰⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. k is an integer from 0 to 20 or 1 to 20; k′″ is an integer from 0 to 20. X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ is selected from C (including CH) or N. Z¹⁰¹ and Z¹⁰² is selected from NR¹⁰¹, O, or S.

HBL:

A hole blocking layer (HBL) may be used to reduce the number of holes and/or excitons that leave the emissive layer. The presence of such a blocking layer in a device may result in substantially higher efficiencies as compared to a similar device lacking a blocking layer. Also, a blocking layer may be used to confine emission to a desired region of an OLED.

In one aspect, compound used in HBL contains the same molecule or the same functional groups used as host described above.

In another aspect, compound used in HBL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

wherein k is an integer from 1 to 20; L¹⁰¹ is an another ligand, k′ is an integer from 1 to 3.

ETL:

Electron transport layer (ETL) may include a material capable of transporting electrons. Electron transport layer may be intrinsic (undoped), or doped. Doping may be used to enhance conductivity. Examples of the ETL material are not particularly limited, and any metal complexes or organic compounds may be used as long as they are typically used to transport electrons.

In one aspect, compound used in ETL contains at least one of the following groups in the molecule:

wherein R¹⁰¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof, when it is aryl or heteroaryl, it has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. Ar¹ to Ar³ has the similar definition as Ar's mentioned above. k is an integer from 1 to 20. X¹⁰¹ to X¹⁰⁸ is selected from C (including CH) or N.

In another aspect, the metal complexes used in ETL contains, but not limit to the following general formula:

wherein (O—N) or (N—N) is a bidentate ligand, having metal coordinated to atoms O, N or N, N; L¹⁰¹ is another ligand; k′ is an integer value from 1 to the maximum number of ligands that may be attached to the metal.

In any above-mentioned compounds used in each layer of the OLED device, the hydrogen atoms can be partially or fully deuterated. Thus, any specifically listed substituent, such as, without limitation, methyl, phenyl, pyridyl, etc. encompasses undeuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated versions thereof. Similarly, classes of substituents such as, without limitation, alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, etc. also encompass undeuterated, partially deuterated, and fully deuterated versions thereof.

In addition to and/or in combination with the materials disclosed herein, many hole injection materials, hole transporting materials, host materials, dopant materials, exiton/hole blocking layer materials, electron transporting and electron injecting materials may be used in an OLED. Non-limiting examples of the materials that may be used in an OLED in combination with materials disclosed herein are listed in Table A below. Table A lists non-limiting classes of materials, non-limiting examples of compounds for each class, and references that disclose the materials.

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U.S. Pat. No. 6,528,187

It is understood that the various embodiments described herein are by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. For example, many of the materials and structures described herein may be substituted with other materials and structures without deviating from the spirit of the invention. The present invention as claimed may therefore include variations from the particular examples and preferred embodiments described herein, as will be apparent to one of skill in the art. It is understood that various theories as to why the invention works are not intended to be limiting. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound having a structure according to Formula 1:

wherein R^(a) to R^(g), R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and wherein Ar¹ to Ar³ are independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl and can connect to one another to form fused ring(s) and, wherein L is a direct bond or a linker.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R^(a) to R^(g) are H.
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ar¹ is


4. The compound of claim 3, wherein Ar² and Ar³ are phenyl.
 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein L is a direct bond.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ar¹ and L are

and Ar² and Ar³ are phenyl.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of


8. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ar¹ and Ar² are connected to form a carbazole moiety.
 9. The compound of claim 8, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of


10. The compound of claim 1, wherein Ar² and Ar³ are connected to form a carbazole moiety.
 11. The compound of claim 10, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of


12. The compound of claim 1, wherein said compound is selected from the group consisting of


13. A first device comprising a first organic light emitting device, the first organic light emitting device comprising: an anode; a cathode; and an emissive layer, disposed between the anode and the cathode, wherein the emissive layer comprises a first emitting compound having a structure according to Formula 1:

wherein R^(a) to R^(g), R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and wherein Ar¹ to Ar³ are independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl and can connect to one another to form fused ring(s) and, wherein L is a direct bond or a linker.
 14. The first device of claim 13, wherein the first emitting compound is selected from the group consisting of


15. The first device of claim 13, wherein the first device emits a luminescent radiation at room temperature when a voltage is applied across the organic light emitting device; wherein the luminescent radiation comprises a delayed fluorescence process.
 16. The first device of claim 13, wherein the emissive layer further comprises a first phosphorescent emitting material.
 17. The first device of claim 16, wherein the emissive layer further comprises a second phosphorescent emitting material.
 18. The first device of claim 13, wherein the emissive layer further comprises a host material.
 19. The first device of claim 16, wherein the first device emits a white light at room temperature when a voltage is applied across the organic light emitting device.
 20. A formulation comprising a compound having a structure according to Formula 1:

wherein R^(a) to R^(g), R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, deuterium, halide, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroalkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acids, ester, nitrile, isonitrile, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, phosphino, and combinations thereof; and wherein Ar¹ to Ar³ are independently substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl and can connect to one another to form fused ring(s) and, wherein L is a direct bond or a linker. 